Adverse effects of Antineoplastic Agents

Adverse Effects

The prominent adverse effects of antineoplastic drugs are exerted on rapidly proliferating normal tissues, 

in addition, to their chronic and cumulative toxicities.

 • Bone marrow toxicity: Bleomycin, L-asparaginase.

 • Hair follicle toxicity: Methotrexate, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, and Doxoroubicin.

 • Hepatotoxicity: Azathiopurine, Mercaptopurine, and L-asparaginase.

 • Skin rashes: Vinca alkaloids, Nitrosourea, Anthracyclins, and Mitomycin C.

 • Pulmonary toxicity: Bleomycin, Methotrexate, and Busulfan.

 • Cardiac toxicity: Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, and Anthracyclins.

 • Other toxicities: Intestinal epithelium, central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, nephrotoxicity, immuno￾suppression, fever, anaphylaxis, cataracts, haemolytic anaemia, pancreatitis, pituitary insuffi ciency, adrenal insufficiency, coagulation problems, suppression of growth, and carcinogenicity

Periodic table questions can be important

✅PERIODIC TABLE Questions can be important..


*Most abundant element on earth's crust - Oxygen

*Most abundant metal in earth's crust - Aluminium

*Most abundant metalloid in earth's crust - Silicon

*Most abundant element in atmosphere - Nitrogen

*Most abundant element in the universe - Hydrogen

*Most abundant element in human body - Oxygen

*Most abundant gas in atmosphere - Nitrogen

*Most abundant element in sea water - Chlorine

*Most abundant element in moon's surface - Titanium

*Most abundant metal present in human body and bones - Calcium

*Most abundant metal compound in bones - Calcium phosphate

*Most abundant compound on earth's surface - Water (H2O)

*Most abundant compound in sea water - Sodium Chloride

*Second most abundant compound in sea water - Magnesium Chloride

*Most chemically reactive element - Fluorine

*Second most chemically reactive element - Chlorine

*The lightest and simplest element - Hydrogen

*The lightest metal - Lithium

*The rarest element in the earth - Astatine

*The heaviest element - Osmium

*The heaviest gaseous element - Radon

*First man made element - Technetium

*Most stable element - Lead

*The periodic table is divided into 4 main blocks
*S block - elements of group 1 and 2
*P block - elements of group 13 to 18
*D block - elements of group 3 to 12
*F block - Lanthanides and Actinides

*The shortest period of the periodic table
Ans : First period

*The longest period of the periodic table
Ans : Sixth period

*Elements with atomic number 57-71 are known as
Ans : Lanthanides (rare earths)

*Elements with atomic number 89-103 are known as
Ans : Actinides (radio active rare earths)

*Total number of elements in periodic table
Ans : 118

*The number of naturally occurring elements
Ans : 92

Layers of the Scrotum

Layers of the scrotum:

Some Damn Engineers Call It The TesTes

S Skin
D Dartos fascia and muscle
E External spermatic fascia
C Cremasteric fascia
I Internal spermatic fascia
T Tunica vaginalis
T Tunica albuginea

Mechanisms of Heparins

Mechanisms of Heparins / LMWHs / Fondaparinux

1. Unfractionated heparin (UFH)

- Inhibits both factor Xa and thrombin

2. Low-molecular-weight drugs

- Preferentially inhibit factor Xa (eg. enoxaparin)

3. Fondaparinux

- Inhibits factor Xa only (with antithrombin activation)

Brainbridge Reflex

Bainbridge Reflex

HR increases when atrial pressure increases as during inspiration ➔ increased venous return ➔ sinus arrhythmia on #ECG

Drugs that cause Ototoxicity

Drugs that Cause Ototoxicity

            CALM

C - Cisplatin, carboplatin

A - Aspirin (high doses)

L - Loop diuretics

M - Microbial; macrolides (high doses); vancomycin and aminoglycosides.

Beta-blocker overdose

Beta-blocker overdose

Bradycardia
Hypotension
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia

Reverse with glucagon, dobutamine/milrinone

#USMLE #Cardiology

Side effects of Clozapine

Side Effects of Clozapine

        MASS GAIN

M - Myocarditis

A - Agranulocytosis

S - Sialorrhea

S -Seizures

+ GAIN Weight!

Side effects of Metformin

Side Effects of Metformin

            WELSH

W - Weight loss

E - Elevated blood lactate levels

L - Low vitamin B12 levels

S - Stomach: nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste

H - High levels of flatulence

Mnemonic on Hypertensive drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs in Pregnancy | Mnemonic!

      New Mother's Hate Labor

N - Nifedipine

M - Methyldopa

H - Hydralazine

L - Labetalol

DDX OF SPLENOMEGALY

🔘DDX of Splenomegaly :🔻
🛑Infection
🛑 Congestion  :
     ✺ CHF
🛑 Haemolytic Anaemia
🛑 Storage ddisease :
    ✺Glycogen Storage disease
    ✺Lipidosis
🛑 Neoplasm :
    ✺leukemia
    ✺lymphoma
🛑Rheumatological ➡️ SLE

Phobia

⛳️ 😱Phobia😱

Acrophobia= Fear of height.

Agoraphobia= fear of open places.

Algophobia/Dynophobia= fear of pain.

Accousticophobia= Fear of noise.

Androphobia= Fear of men.

Gynaecophobia= Fear of women.

Anthrophobia= Fear of flowers.

Anglophobia= fear of English and English related things.

Xenophobia= Fear of anything stranger or foreign.

Arachnophobia= Fear of spiders.

Cacophobia= Fear of ugliness.

Carcinophobia= Fear of cancer.

Chromophobia= Fear of colour.

Claustrophobia= Fear of closed place.

Demophobia= Fear of people.

Enchlophobia= Fear of crowd.

Gametophobia= Fear of marriage.

Haematophobia= Fear of blood.

Helminthophobia= Fear of insects.

Terms you should know

*1. Anaemia - Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood*
*2. Analgesic - Medicine which alleviates pain*
*3. Arthralgia -Pain in a joint*
*4. Cephalalgia - Headache*
*5. Nephralgia - Pain in the kidney*
*6. Neuralgia - Nerve pain*
*7. Myalgia - Muscle pain*
*8. Otalgia - Ear ache*
*9. Gastralgia - Pain in the stomach*
*10. Pyoderma - Skin infection with pus formation*
*11. Leucoderma -Defective skin pigmentaion*
*12. Hysterodynia - Pain in the uterus*
*13. Hysterectomy - Excision of the uterus*
*14. Nephrectomy - Excision of a kidney*
*15. Adenectomy - Excision of a gland*
*16. Cholecystectomy - Excision of gall bladder*
*17. Thyroidectomy - Excision of thyroid gland*
*18. Arthritis - Inflammation of a joint*
*19. Bronchitis - Inflammation of the bronchi-bymms-bhati*
*20. Carditis - Inflammation of the heart*
*21. Cervicitis - Inflammation of the cervix*
*22. Colitis - Inflammation of the colon*
*23. Colpitis - Inflammation of the vagina*
*24. Cystitis - Inflammation of the urinary bladder*
*25. Enteritis - Inflammation of the intestines*
*26. Gastritis - Inflammation of the stomach*
*27. Glossitis - Inflammation of the tongue*
*28. Hepatitis - Inflammation of the liver*
*29. Laryngitis - Inflammation of the larynx*
*30. Metritis - Inflammation of the uterus*
*31. Myelitis - Inflammation of the spinal cord*
*32. Nephritis - Inflammation of the kidney*
*33. Pharyngitis - Inflammation of the pharynx*
*..Mms Bhati Jpr*
*34. Blepharitis -Inflammation of the eyelids*
*35. Cholelithiasis - Stone in the gall bladder*
*36. Nephrolithiasis - Stone in the kidney*
*37. Osteomalacia - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or D vitamin*
*38. Adenoma -Benign tumour of glandular tissue*
*39. Myoma - Tumour of muscle*
*40. Diplopia - Double vision*
*41. Thrombosis - Formation of a blood clot*
*42. Pyloromyotomy - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle*
*43. Hedrophobia - Fear of water(Rabies in humans)*
*44. Neuroplasty- Surgical repair of nerves*
*45. Pyloraplasty -Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage*
*46. Hemiplegia - Paralysis of one side of the body*
*47. Nephroptosis - Downward displacement of the kidney*
*48. Amenorrhoea - Absence of menstrual discharge*
*49. Dysmenorrhoea - Painful menstruation*
*50. Leucorrhoea - Whitish vaginal discharge*
*51. Menorrhoea - Menstrual bleeding*
*52. Haemorrhage- Escape of blood from a vessel*
*53. Arrhythmia -Any deviation of normal rhythm of heart*
*54. Cholestasis - Diminution in the flow of bile*
*55. Haemostatis - Arrest of bleeding*
*56. Neurasthenia - Nervous debility*
*57. Cystostomy - Surgical opening made into the bladder*
*58. Cystotomy - Incision into the urinary bladder*
*59. Hypertrophy - Increase in the size of tissues*
*60. Haematuria - Blood in the urine*
*61. Glycosuria - Presence of sugar in the urine*
*62. Albuminuria - Presence of albumin in the urine*